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This article collection reviews key developments in the medical applications of telomerase biochemistry and includes 22 open access research papers by various authors. Topics include: Insights into the evolution of mammalian telomerase: Platypus TERT shares similarities with genes of birds and other reptiles and localizes on sex chromosomes; Mesenchymal stem cells with high telomerase expression do not actively restore their chromosome arm specific telomere length pattern after exposure to ionizing radiation; A mutation in the H/ACA box of telomerase RNA component gene (TERC) in a young patient with myelodysplastic syndrome; siRNA inhibition of telomerase enhances the anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin in breast cancer cells; Effect of a qigong intervention program on telomerase activity and psychological stress in abused Chinese women: a randomized, wait-list controlled trial; Glucose restriction decreases telomerase activity and enhances its inhibitor response on breast cancer cells: possible extra-telomerase role of BIBR 1532; Telomerase immunity from bench to bedside: round one; Polymorphisms within the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase gene (TERT) in four breeds of dogs selected for difference in lifespan and cancer susceptibility; Epstein-Barr virus and telomerase: from cell immortalization to therapy; Telomerase inhibition by siRNA causes senescence and apoptosis in Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells: mechanism and therapeutic potential; Inhibition of telomerase activity preferentially targets aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cancer stem-like cells in lung cancer; PinX1 suppresses bladder urothelial carcinoma cell proliferation via the inhibition of telomerase activity and p16/cyclin D1 pathway; miR-375 activates p21 and suppresses telomerase activity by coordinately regulating HPV E6/E7, E6AP, CIP2A, and 14-3-3zeta; Targeting DNA-PKcs and telomerase in brain tumour cells; Inhibition of telomerase activity by HDV ribozyme in cancers; Telomerase inhibition improves tumor response to radiotherapy in a murine orthotopic model of human glioblastoma; Telomere length and telomerase activity in non-small cell lung cancer prognosis: clinical usefulness of a specific telomere status; Telomerase and breast cancer; Complex roles for telomeres and telomerase in breast carcinogenesis; Sequence variation in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) as a determinant of risk of cardiovascular disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study; Aberrant gene expression profiles, during in vitro osteoblast differentiation, of telomerase deficient mouse bone marrow stromal stem cells (mBMSCs); The role of telomeres and telomerase in hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Proceeds from the sale of this book go to the support of an elderly disabled person.